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என்We have already seen the AVP form of என்று, grammaticalized as the quotative marker. என் is also verb that occurs on its own as a main verb, ‘to say.’ In addition, it also occurrs in a number of other grammatical forms (AJP, verbal noun) with various different meanings. Below, some of these uses and grammatical constructions are explained.Use of என் as a main verbAs any verb என் as a main verb takes tense and PNG accordingly. As it is used for reported speech constructions, என் as a main verb can be used as both the quotative and the main verb at the same time; that is, it can be used to embed other sentences in reported speech constructions. I. என்கிற்-PNG ‘say' (Present tense form)
I say that I am coming. நான் வறேங்க்றேன் (Spoken form) II. என்ற்-PNG ‘said' (Past tense form)
I said that John drank coffee. நான் ஜான் காப்பி குடிச்சாண்ணேன் (Spoken form) III. என்ப்-PNG ‘will say' (Future tense form)
Mary will say that she will also come. மேரி நானும் வருவேம்பா (Spoken form) Other uses of என்So far, then, we have seen என் as a main verb that can be put in various tenses and conjugated with various PNG endings. In addition to the past, present, and future, என் can also be put in other various grammatical forms and used in different ways. To various degrees, some of these uses are much different from என் meaning as a main verb. என்று: the quotative marker (Lit. ‘having said’).We have already seen how என்று (AVP of என்) is used as a quotative marker like 'that' in English in reported speech and thought constructions. Below are a number of other uses of என்று not discussed in that lesson. Identification (‘called’) In Tamil, என்று can also be used is expressions where to designate the name of something or someone. It can often be translated as ‘called’ or ‘named.’ Here, rather than coming after a full sentence, என்று comes after the proper name. இந்த ஊரில் ராமனாதன் என்று ஒரு ஆள் இருக்கிறாரே அவரை
உங்களுக்குத் தெரியுமா?
பல வருடங்களுக்கு முன்னால் 'பராசக்தி' என்று ஒரு சினிமா வந்ததே உங்களுக்கு ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?
Purposive and causal expressions என்று can also be used in purposive and causal constructions, translatable as ‘in order to’ or ‘because’, respectively. The purposive requires that the subordinate clause verb contain the modal -லாம் or வேண்டு.
‘I came in order to give this to you.’ எனக்கு அவர்களுடைய சாப்பாடு பிடிக்காது என்று அவர்கள் சாப்பிடமாட்டார்கள். ‘Because I don’t like her food she won’t cook.’ Onomotopoeic Expression என்று can also be used in onomatopoeic expressions (and in forming adverbs more generally) through reduplication.
Don’t blabber. (Lit. Don’t speak like “tona tona”). தண்ணீர் கல கல என்று ஓடுகிறது.
அவர் அவனை அடி அடி என்று அடிப்பார். ‘He is going to severely beat him.’
It is commonly believed that if there is a hot sun, there will be rain definetly. கதவைப் படார் என்று தள்ளிவிட்டான் அந்தச் சின்னப் பையன்.
Giving focus When என்று follows a noun in the dative case it can adds emphasis or focus on that noun, and can be translated as ‘just for.’
Why did you give to your brother the shirt that I bought just for you. ஊருக்கு என்று ஒரு ஞாயம் (judgement/rule) உனக்கு என்று ஒரு ஞாயமா? எல்லோருக்கும் ஒரே ஞாயம் தான்.
Adjectival Participle of என்என் can take an adjectival form (AJP) என்கிற. Structure: என்கிற NOUN (cf. relative clause in English).
நான் சீதாங்க்ற பொண்ணெ கடெத் தெருவுலெ பாத்தேன். (spoken). I saw a girl called Sita. நாளைக்கு உங்களுடைய அப்பா இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வருகிறார் என்கிற சேதி எனக்குத் தெரியாது. (written)
Verbal noun of என்: the factiveஎன் can also take a nominalized form (verbal noun), thus turning a sentence with the main verb என் into a complex noun. In the present tense this is என்கிறது, literally, 'that which is called'. It can be translated as the factive, ‘the fact that…’ Note how the spoken version differs.
ஜான் உங்களோடெ வீட்டுக்கு வந்தார்ங்க்றது எனக்கு தெரியாது. (spoken) I do not know the fact that John came to your house yesterday. Similarly, என்றது is the nominalized form of என் in the past tense, ‘ lit. that which was called.' Unlike the present form, however, என்றது does not necessarily denote, or imply, that an actual speech event has taken place. That is, this form has lost the notion of speaking in its meaning.
நீங்க இந்தி பேசுவீங்கண்ணது பொய். (Spoken) It was a lie that you speak Hindi. (Another possible interpretation: It is a lie that I said that you speak Hindi). The verbal noun can also take case endings. For example, the instrumental/causal case ஆல் as in என்கிறதால், literally since something is said.' Like the past tense verbal noun, this form has lost its specific meaning of denoting speech events, and simply means 'because' or 'since' more generally.
நான் போன வருஷம் தமிழ் படிச்சேங்க்றதால இந்த வருஷமும் தமிழ் படிக்கிறேன்.(spoken) Since I studied Tamil last year, I study Tamil this year also. Other grammatical forms: the conditional, concessiveஎன் can also take the conditional form, என்றால், literally 'if something is said.' However, like the past tense verbal noun, this form has also lost its specific meaning of denoting speech events, and is more generally used as a marker of the conditional more generally (see Unit 5, Grammar Lesson 2)
நீங்க வருவீங்கண்ணா நானும் வருவேன். I will come if you come. (lit. 'If it is said that you will come I will also come') When உம் is attached to the conditional of என், என்றாலும் (cf. concessive), if means ‘however’ or ‘nevertheless’ (lit. ‘even if it is said that’):
I didn’t like him. Nevertheless, I went to his party/feast.’ Homework: Identify whether these sentences belong to one of the above types or of a different type? 6) மழை கிழை வந்துவிடுமோ என்று எங்களுக்கு ஒரே பயம். 7) பகல் என்றும் ராத்திரி என்றும் பார்க்காமல் அவன் கடுமையாகப் படித்தானே தவிர பரிட்சையைச் சரியாகவே எழுதவில்லை. 8) ராஜா என்றோ மந்திரி என்றோ யாரும் இங்கே கிடையாது எல்லோரும் ஒரே நிலைதான் (status). 9) வரமுடியவில்லை என்றால் பரவாயில்லை சும்மா வருகிறேன் என்றாவது சொல்லுங்களேன். Translate the following sentences. Use the word என்று in all your sentences. 1. I told my friend that I met (சந்தி) a person called Sitaraman. (identification). 2. No matter whether it rains or shines, the peasants (விவசாயிகள்) always work (உழை) hard. (use the nouns மழை and வெயில் for the verbs 'rains' and 'shines'). 3. I have a pounding (விண் விண்) head ache. (onomatopoeia). 4. Who cares (use கவலை) whether he is a teacher or student. He is just an ordinary (சாதாரண) person. 5. I bought this car just for you. (focus).
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