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The past tense in TamilAs with the present tense, the past tense is formed by adding a tense marker to the root of the verb and then person-number-gender agreement. However, while for the present tense and the infinitive/imperative where there are two classes of verbs (strong and weak) relevant in forming the present or infinitive, for the past tense there are seven classes of verbs. This classification, called 'Graul's classes, first divides verbs into weak (classes 1-3), middle (4-5), and strong (6-7) verbs. These classes, more or less, correspond with different past tense markers. Below is a summary of the classes, the tense markers, and some verbs that are part of those classes. As with the weak/strong distinction, what class a verb belongs to cannot be predicted solely from its form.
Weak verbs: Classes 1-3Class 1: Verb-த்-PNGThe past tense marker for class 1 verbs is த். Verbs in this class include அழு (cry, weep), செய் (do), பெய் (rain/snow)
என்ன செஞ்சீங்க? (spoken) What did you do? நேற்று மழை பெய்ததா? (wr.)
Class 1 verbs also include கொள் 'have/reflexive auxiliary form' and ஆள் 'rule', which take the suffix ண்ட் as in கொண்டேன் (sp. கிட்டேன்) 'I had it' and ஆண்டான் 'he ruled', but these verbs are used mostly in written literary variety, but not in spoken except for proverbs and idiomatic expressions. ராமன் ஆண்டால் என்ன? ராவணன் ஆண்டால் என்ன? 'Who really cares if Raman or Ravanan rules the country?' However, the verb கொள் is used as a reflexive form, and its past tense form of it is கொண்ட்- as in பார்த்துக்கொண்டேன் 'I saw it myself'. Class 2: Verb-ந்த்-PNGThe past tense marker for class 2 verbs is -ந்த்-. Verbs in this class include: வா (come), தா (give), தெரி (know, be visible), உடை (be/get broken), உட்கார் (sit), விழு (fall).
எப்பொழுது வந்தார்? 'When did he come?' அவன் உங்களுக்கு அதைத் திருப்பி தந்தானா? 'Did he give it back to you?' எங்கே உட்கார்ந்தார்? 'Where did he sit?' Note: Generally in spoken Tamil clusters of 3 consonants reduce to two with the first one dropped. Hence in spoken Tamil this sentence would be: எங்கெ ஒக்காந்தாரு?
அது எனக்கு தெரிஞ்சது. 'I knew that.' எப்பொழுது உடைந்தது?
Class 3 Verb-இன்-PNGVerbs in this class have the past tense marker -இன்-. Examples of verbs in this class include தூங்கு (sleep), பண்ணு (make, do), படு (feel, experience) பேசு (speak), வாங்கு (buy, get), ஆகு (become), சொல் (speak), போ (go). For class three verbs that end in a vowel, rather than insert a glide, that vowel is dropped.
என்னை பற்றி பேசினாளா? Did she talk about me? அதற்குப் பிறகு அவர் கோபத்தோடு பேசினார். After that he spoke with anger. In spoken Tamil the past tense marker இன் is often reduced to simply ன், e.g., தூங்க்னாங்க. In the neuter, the past tense marker is not இன்-அது but is இ-ய்-அது. E.g.,
சொல் (sp. சொல்லு) and போ are irregular in their past tense. Rather than சொல்லின்-PNG and போயின்-PNG, the correct forms are: சொன்ன்-PNG and போன்-PNG.
நாங்கள் ஆற்றுக்கு போனோம். 'We went to the river.' Class 4: doubling the final consonant- ட், ற்Class 4 verbs tend to end in -டு and று. However, note that not all verbs ending in டு are class 4 verbs (as well saw above with படு). To form the past tense the உ is dropped and the ட் is doubled. Examples of verbs in this class are போடு (put, serve), சாப்பிடு (eat), கூப்பிடு (class), கும்பிடு (worship), விடு (to let/leave, completive aspectual verb).
மூன்று தடவை கூப்பிட்டேன்! 'I called three times! நான் கும்பிடவில்லை ஆனால் என் தங்கை கும்பிட்டாள். 'I didn't worship/pray but my sister did.' The verb பெறு 'give birth to' which belongs to class 4 becomes பெற்ற்- in past tense with a doubling of the trill ற், but in spoken it becomes த்த் as in பெத்த்-.
I gave birth to six children. Do you know that? Middle Verbs: Class 5The middle verbs tend to be exceptional in forming the infinitive, the present, and as we see below, the past tense. The middle verbs do not tend to be a homogeneous category and there are many exceptions. The verb கேள் tends to double for past tense, but this isn't always regular. They tend to end in ள், ல், and other sonorants. Verbs in this class include: கேள் (listen/hear, ask), கொல் (kill), நில் (stop, stand), வில் (sell) etc.
வழியில் வேறு வேறு வீட்டில் நின்றோம். ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் அவர் எதையோ விற்றார். 'On the way we stopped at five different houses. At each house he sold something.' The verb கல், is also a class five verb, only occurs with aspectual verbs கொள், கொடு and இரு.
கல்லூரியில் அவர் தமிழ் கற்றுக்கொடுத்தார். (கத்துக்கொடுத்தார்) 'He taught Tamil in College.' நீங்கள் நிறைய தமிழ் கற்றுக்கொண்டிருக்கிருக்கிறீர்கள். (கத்துக்கிட்டிருக்கீங்க 'You have learned lots of Tamil.' Strong verbs: Classes 6-7Class 6: Verb-த்த்-PNGClass six verbs constitute the majority of Tamil verbs.The suffix த்த் remain the same both in written and spoken form of the following verbs
The suffix த்த் changes into ச்ச் in the following இ or ய் ending verbs.
Class 7: Verb-ந்த்-PNG.Note how this is the same past tense marker as Class 2 verbs. These verbs, however, are strong verbs, which form infinitives with the formative suffix க்க் as in நடக்க 'to walk', இருக்க 'to be'. The frequently occurring verbs in this class are இரு 'be' and நட 'walk'.
நான் சொன்ன மாதிரி நீங்கள் தினமும் காலையில் ஒரு மணி நேரம் நடந்தீர்களா? 'Did you walk for one hour every day, as I told you?'
அவர் போன வருஷம் வரைக்கும் தமிழ் ஆசிரியராக இருந்தார். இப்பொழுது போலிஸ்காரராக இருக்கிறார். 'He was a Tamil teacher until last year, but he is a Police man now'. Transitive and Intransitve verbsCertain verbs can have both a transitive and intransitive form. This can only be seen in the infinitive and past tenses. The transitives are strong verbs (class 6) and the intransitives are weak verbs (class 2). Following are some of these types of verbs. முடி 'finish' (transitive), Class 6 நான் என்னுடைய வேலையை இப்போழுதுதான் முடித்தேன் (முடிச்சேன்) 'I finished my work just now' முடி 'finish-be' (intransitive), Class 2 சினிமா அரை மணி நேரத்துக்கு முன்னால் முடிந்தது (முடிஞ்சது) 'the movie ended half an hour ago' மடி 'fold' (class 6); மடி 'be folded' (class 2) காய் 'boil as milk,water etc.' (class 6); காய் 'be dried' (class 2) Caution must be exercised in the following misleading forms. தப்பு 'escape' - (intr.) is different from தப்பி 'escape' (intr./tr.) - நான் ஆபத்திலிருந்து தப்பினேன் 'I escaped from the danger' vs. நான் ஆபத்திலிருந்து தப்பித்தேன் 'I escaped from the danger', where one can see two different verb conjugations with two different past tense siffixes. It is possible to say நான் ஆபத்தைத் தப்பித்தேன் 'I escaped the danger' in a transitve sense but very rarely used in the speech. In this sense, தப்பி should be understood as a transitive verb. These verbs should not be confused with the above transitive/intransitive classification. Also, verbs like வீணாக்கு/வீணாகு 'spoil -tr./be-spoiled - intr' vs. வீணடி 'spoil-tr.' are to be understood as compound verbs with different senses. Further, the homonymous forms முடி/மடி/காய் may seem to have only neuter subject in their corresponding intransitive senses. But, there are other forms like தொலை 'be-lost'/'lose'; நனை 'be-wet'/'soak' etc., can take human subject in both transitive and intransitive forms, as below. நாங்கள் கூட்டத்தில் தொலைந்துவிட்டோம் 'we were lost in the crowd' vs. நாங்கள் பணத்தை தொலைத்துவிட்டோம் 'we lost the money' நான் மழையில் நனைந்தேன் 'I became wet in the rain' vs. நான் துணியை நனைத்தேன் 'I soaked the cloth (in the water)' Dialect differences on the neuter past tense ending.In some dialects the suffix ச்சி or ச்சு is used as a past tense suffix for neuter singular subject instead of pst-அது:வந்துச்சி or வந்திச்சு 'it came' செய்துச்சி or செய்திச்சு 'it did' ஓடுச்சி or ஓடுச்சு 'it ran' கேட்டுச்சி or கேட்டுச்சு 'it listened to' The reason for this may be understood as a generalization process of the past tense marker ற்று, which occurs only with இ or ய் ending class three verbs when the subject is a neuter noun. However, it becomes த்த் due to the general rule of ற்ற் becoming த்த், and it consequently becomes ச்சி or ச்சு due to the preceding இ. ஓடிற்று > ஓடித்து > ஓடிச்சு > ஓடிச்சி 'it ran' பாடிற்று > பாடித்து > பாடிச்சு > பாடிச்சி 'it sang (as in parrot)' போயிற்று > போயித்து > போச்சு 'it left' Thus, a suffix that is very common only in class three verbs was generalized and became a common suffix for all the classes. Note that the intermediate form with த்த் as past tense marker is still used in the spoken form of Brahmin dialects, and the suffix ச்சி is used only in some of the non-Brahmin dialects. The other non-Brahmin dialects use the regular neuter singular suffix து with these verbs. Affective vs. Effective pair of verbs Following set of verbs belong to intransitive and transitive by a number of factors as shown here: By the assimilation of nasal clusters திரும்பு/திருப்பு, எழும்பு/எழுப்பு, கிளம்பு/கிளப்புBy doubling of stop consonants: ஓடு/ஓட்டுTranslation exercise: Translate the following to Tamil: 1) I came home. 2) I made Chappathi. 3) The child cried in the morning. 4) I knew that. 5) Did you understand that? 6) Did you sit on the chair? 7) Did you write a story? 8) I danced in the temple. 9) I sang in the temple. 10) I listened to a Tamil song. 11) I told him a story. 12) I dropped the book in the box. 13) They sold Idly on the road. 14) They stood in the bus stand. 15) I cooked chappathi at home. 16) I saw a Tamil cinema. 17) I walked on the street. 18) The bird flew. 19) Did you go to the theater and see a Tamil movie? 20) Did you teach in school? 21) I bought a pair of glasses for my father. |
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